Page 65 - Grasp English B2 (Grammar Book)

Bionomics 12

Participles

• We use participles in three forms: present He never works with people telling lies.
participle, past participle, and perfect participle. (He never works with people who tell lies.)

a. present participle (V+ing) b. past participle (V3)
The present participle is generally used to form The past participle is called V3 (for regular verbs
continuous tenses, adjectives, and the gerund. V+ed; for irregular verbs see the irregular verb list).
e.g. It is generally used in perfect tenses and passive
The cat is sleeping. (present continuous tense) voice and to make adjectives.
The sleeping cat looks lovely. (adjective) e.g.
I don’t like sleeping in the dark. (gerund) She has broken the vase. (present perfect tense)
My leg is broken, so I can’t go to school. (adjective)
In addition to its common uses above, the present
participle is also used: The window was broken (by someone) last night
when we were out. (passive voice)
• with some certain verbs like come, go, sit, stand,
etc., and verbs of senses (feel, find, hear, listen to, We can also use the past participle:
notice, see, smell, watch). • as an alternative to relative clauses. We omit the
e.g. relative pronoun (and the helping verb) in this
Norah sat on the chair, staring at the monitor for form.
hours. e.g.
You must listen to her singing. She is marvellous! When I was a child, I had a friend called Jana.
(When I was a child, I had a friend who was
• in place of because (to give a reason).
e.g. called Jana.)
Wanting to become a famous actress, Eva left • as a conditional clause.
home when she was just sixteen. e.g.
(Because she wanted to become a famous Taken twice a day, this medicine will ease your
actress, Eva left home when she was just sixteen.) pain immediately.
(If you take this medicine twice a day, it will ease
• in place of when, while, or as soon as (to show a
time). your pain immediately.)
e.g. c. perfect participle (having V3)
Driving to the office this morning, I had realised The perfect participle is often used to shorten or
that I left my mobile at home. combine two clauses that have the same subject.
(While I was driving to the office this morning, However, the clauses should have a sequence
I realised that I had left my mobile at home.) between these clauses.
e.g.
• as an alternative to relative clauses. We omit the
relative pronoun (and the helping verb) in this Having got up in a hurry, George left home without
form. his jacket.
e.g. (George got up in a hurry. He left home without his
I’ve already met that woman talking to the jacket.)
manager over there.
(I’ve already met that woman who is talking to the
manager over there.)

A. Circle the correct form of the verb.
1. Giving / Given / Having given enough time, Alex will find a solution for this problem.

2. The flying / Flown / Having flown birds caught my attention by the road.
3. Gerald was surprising / surprised / having surprised by his friends at the party.
4. Clearing / Cleared / Having cleared her throat, Sarah started singing.
5. Kathy was tiring / tired / having tired, so she went to bed.

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